By John E. Xavier
Preface: The "Long Reach" of War and Military ServiceThis chapter of the Extended Xavier Family blog is a sobering reminder of the "long reach" of world affairs, especially of war, into the lives of families and individuals. In the aftermath of a war, the later and living generations often show a tendency to regard the historical past as much more peaceful and calm than was in fact the case. That greater interpretation is beyond this chapter, which is more of an overgrown inventory of family connections to war and military service.
Since April of 1861 with the onset of the Civil War, it seems the extended Xavier family connections to war are easily documented, The two notable exceptions to the long reach of war, by evidence known in mid-2012, are the Spanish-American War and the British Empire-sponsored Boer War (for Canadians), where we have found no connections to the extended Xavier Family.
There is a certain level of irony in the long reach of war as shown in this essay. The Saami traditions in the European Arctic world are devoid of a warrior tradition, the climate and remote location having furnished ample defense for large-scale military ventures in the homeland of the Saami. Of course, those familiar with Saami history are aware of small-scale troop enforcement of religious conformity (as in 1852). That very small-scale troop enforcement measure by the King of Sweden looms large in Saami history. This is due to the broadly based uprising against a corrupted and repressive state (Lutheran) church as well as other local institutions functioning as a support system the state church. This deplorable state of affairs has been well documented, most recently in the film Kautokeino Opproret / Kautokeino Uprising, an excellent film by Saami film-maker Nils Gaup.(Gaup is himself a shirt-tail relative of the Xavier family.)
Beyond that religious repression, however, there is the recent and dominent fact of the vast military-industrial machinery deployed in World War II. Here was the ultimate long reach, for Nazi Germany stationed thousands of troops and hundreds of warplanes in Sapmi. The Nazi forces sought to cut off Allied shipping to the Soviet Union headed over Norway to the port of Archangel. Thus the entire region around Kirkeness was transformed into a prime target for Allied aerial bombing attacks. The North American Saami were in general as involved as anyone in World War II, and that stands true for the extended Xavier family.
Several members of the extended Xavier family have pursued military service in full-time careers, reserve, National Guard, or combinations of those options. Thus, with the Saami American assimilation to U.S. ways has come a certain level of military participation, in both times of war and peace.
Contents:
Part I. Military Abbreviations and Alphabetical List of Individual Names (Rapid Reference)
A. Abbreviations: Branches of Service; Related Service; and War Nomenclature
B. Individuals of Extended Xavier Family in Military Service or Related Service. We include Pastors
known to have presided over military funerals.
Part II. Alphabetical List of Individual Names, with Expanded Information
A. Individual Names (Same order as in I.B above)
B. Expanded Information on Individual Service, Military Units, and Extended Family Connections
Part I. Military Abbreviations and Alphabetical List of Names (Rapid Reference)
A. Abbreviations: Branches of Service; Related Service; and War Nomenclature
Note: In units of ships, war planes, ground transport, and armor, the size will vary.
AfgWar = Afganistan War, 2001-present
ANG = Air National Guard
AUS = Army of the United States (By law and tradition, made up of all males between ages 20 and 60).
Bat = Batallion, usually five companies, meaning 500 soldiers
Brig = Brigade, usually at least two or three regiments, meaning 2000-3000 soldiers. Brigades can be anywhere from two to four in a division.
Cav. = Cavalry, the horse-mounted soldiers, often used like today's tanks and amored personnel carriers.
CG= Coast Guard
Civil War = U.S. Civil War (War of Rebelliion, War Between the States, War of Secession, War for Southern Independence, War of Yankee Agression, Recent Unpleasantness, etc.)
Co. = Company, usually 100 soldiers.
Cpl. = Corporal
Div. = Division, usually a minimum of ten regiments, meaning a minimum of 10,000 soldiers.
Eng. = Engineers
FBI = Federal Bureau of Investigation
IRAQWar I = First Iraq War, 1991.
IRAQWar II = 2nd Iraq War, 2003-2011
Fleet = Large assemblage of warships; also, a designated group of warships, often in a specific area
HVAC = Heating, Ventilation, Air Conditioning
HQ = Headquarters
KE = Korean War Era, 1950-1953, an official"Police Action" under the United Nations.
LCSSRelief = Lutheran Commission for Soldiers and Sailors (Relief Fund), a World War I organization
MAR = United States Marines
NCO = Non-commissioned officer (e.g., Corporal, Sargent, variations on Sargent), Army and Air Force
NG = National Guard (Army)
NR = Naval Reserves
OSS = Office of Special Services (succeeded by the Central Intelligence Agency, or CIA)
PO = Petty officer (U.S. Navy), equivalents of NCOs.
Reg. = Regiment, usually ten companies, meaning a minimum of 1,000 soldiers
SA = Spanish American War 1897-1898.
SGT = Sargent
SQUAD = Squadron, a warship or supply ship unit, a grouping of vessels; the unit varies in size.
US Army = United States Army
USAAF = United States Army Air Force (World War II Era Designation, before post-war split to USAF).
USAF = United States Air Force
USN = United States Navy
USAR = US Army Reserve
Viet Nam Era = Generally accepted as 1960-1975.
WWI = World War I (Prior to WWII, referred to as The Great War, The Great World War, the War of 1914, and other names.) War dates were 1914-1918; American years were 1917-1918.
WWII = World War II. War dates were 1939-1945; American years were 1941-1945.
B. Individuals of Extended Xavier Family in Military Service or Related Service
- Rev. Anders O. Aasen (1872-1974). Pastor. Presided over several WWI war-related funerals.
- Alvin Bethke (1924-1962). Army NG in WWII Era; Sgt. US Army Eng. in Korea during KE.
- Charles Bethke (b.1926). Cpl. US Marines in Okinawa during WWII.
- Charlotte Bethke (b. 1962). (See Charlotte Dixon) Enlisted, USN.
- Gregory Bethke (b. 1953). Cpl., US Army
- Herman Bethke (1849-1938). Army Infantry, Kingdom of Prussia (Kaiser Wilhelm I), 1872-74.
- James Bethke (b. 1958). Pvt. USAF.
- Larry Bethke (b. 1955). Cpl. US Army
- Rebekah Burton (b. 19). Career officer, Commander., USN.
- Edwin Camrud. US Army, the WW I Era. [1]
- Martin Camrud. US Army, the WW I Era. [1]
- Richard Camrud. US Army, the WW I Era. [1]
- Robert Clark. Major, USAF, career officer, 1950s-1960s. Later associated with NASA.
- Charlotte Dixon (See Charlotte Bethke).
- James Dixon (b. 1960). Major; Career officer, US Marines. 25-year. Meteorology Specialist.
- James Dixon Jr. (b. 1985) Sgt., US Marines, Spec. in HQ, HVAC esp. for computer systems
- Dixon (1987) Petty Officer, USN. Served on aircraft carriers.
- George Farrell
- Farrell
- Julia Hippe, Army Nurse, World War I Era [3]
- Henning Larsen. Officer Candidate USA, 1918.
- Jakob A.O. Larsen. Military Attache, USA in US Embassy, Copenhagen, Denmark, 1917-1918
- Rev. Lauritz Larsen (1882-1923). National Lutheran Commission for Soldiers' and Sailors' Welfare; offices for war relief, food supply, etc.
- Rev. L.T. Larson - Pastor, presided over WWII war-related funerals, incl. that of Bjarne K. Xavier.
- Jonathan Larson. Army NG; career NCO, 1950s-1960s.
- Harold Mueller (b. 1945). ROTC, St. Olaf College.
- Theodore I. Rotto (? IKE?)
- Mark A. Selid. US Army in Viet Nam Era.
- Mary Ellen Sokolik. USAR Band Post-Viet Nam Era
- Clemens Tretbar. Infantry and Cavalry, Civil War. Two tours, Enlisted Private, USA.
- Bjarne K. Xavier. MN NG, non-commissioned officer; 2nd Lt. USA (France), between World War I and World War II Era.
- Brian M. Xavier. USN, petty officer, Viet Nam Era; USAR Band Post-Viet Nam era, career non-commissioned officer.
- Gothard W. Xavier. US Army Engineers, NCO, WWI; survived torpedoing of Tuscania, 1918.
- Johan U. Xavier (1870-1963). Carpenter, construction of Ft. Lewis, Washington, World War I Era.
- Rev. Karl Xavier (1869-1924) - Pastor, presided over several war-related funerals
- (Nils) Paul Xavier. USN, career petty officer, 1940s to 1950s. [Son of Johan U. and Signe Xavier]
- Paul Neuberg Xavier. Aeronautical engineer, Grumman Aircraft, World War II Era.
- Peter L. Xavier. MN NG, non-commissioned officer; USA, career non-commissioned officer, served prior to, during, and after WWII. Attached to OSS during and after WWII.
- Valdemar U. Xavier. MN NG, non-commissioned officer; 2nd Lt., Lt., Capt. USA in WWII Era; career officer, as Major and Lt. Col., USAR.
Note on "Home Front" Aspects, World Wars I and II: Home front aspects deserve some amount of attention here. In addition to the persons named above in uniformed and civilian support services, in World Wars I and II, several extended family pastors did yeoman service on the home front. Among these were, by alphabetical order: Rev. Anders O. Aasen, Rev. Lauritz Larsen, Rev. L.T. Larson, Rev. Fred Schiotz, Rev. Al Selid, Rev. Karl Astrup Xavier, and Rev. Karl Xavier.
For example, in that decisive year of 1918, Rev. Karl Xavier held seven local funerals for soldiers and sailors in his rural Nebraska parish church, Immanuel Lutheran Church, at Bradish (Newman Grove), Boone County. These Nebraska funerals were all for men who were casualties in uniformed service, including not only battlefield-related deaths, but also drowning due to the sinking of the ship Otranto and, finally, from disease in the great "Spanish" Influenza epidemic of 1918. In addition to direct connection to those funerals, most Immanuel Lutheran parish families had connections to military casualties outside the immediate parish.
Many families already were intermarried by World War I, and furthermore, several Nebraska military units suffered extraordinary losses as they were assigned to directly attack and pursue the retreating German Imperial Army in the last gasp struggles of October and November, 1918. In the specific case of Immanuel Lutheran Church, it is difficult to imagine the great impact of these losses in a closely-knit church community where there had been not one single funeral of any kind in 1917!
Part II. Alphabetical List of Names (Detailed Information)
In progress
- Rev. Anders O. Aasen (1872-1974). Pastor. Presided over several WWI war-related funerals.
- Alvin Bethke (1924-1962). Army NG in WWII Era; Sgt. US Army Eng. in Korea during KE. Alvin, known as Al, was initially trained in World War II as a winter ("ski") soldier. However, the war priorities shifted away from an invasion of Norway, and Al was released back to the Bethke farm near Franklin, MN. Later he was activated for the Korean War. In Korea, with his farm equipment background, Al became operator and, as Sargent, supervisor of heavy road-building equipment and several men in a military construction outfit. More than once, Al and his men had to arm themselves in anticipation of being overrun, during the back-and-forth nature of army movements in this seesaw conflict. In civilian life, after 1953, Al and his wife, Lorraine, assumed management and part ownership of the Bethke family farm. Known as a good and progressive farmer in the Bethke traditions, Al maintained an active and respected role in the American Legion Honor Guard for appearances on funeral and holiday occasions. He died suddenly and unexpectedly of wildly metastatic mesothelioma in 1962. He was the brother of Edith Bethke Xavier, wife of Rev. Karl Astrup Xavier.
- Charles Bethke (b.1925). Cpl. US Marines in Pacific and Okinawa during WWII. Drafted at age 18, Charles enlisted in the Navy. Upon reporting to San Diego, he and others were informed they were needed by the US Marines. After long training sessions, including in the Marshall Islands, Charles and thousands of other Marines were assigned to some of the most vicious fighting in World War II, that is, the invasion of Okinawa. There it was that the Japanese Imperial Navy unleashed the dreaded kamikaze, who crashed airplanes into ships and military formations in deliberately planned mass suicide attacks. In addition, thousands of Okinawan civilians Japanese soldiers committed suicide rather than surrender. Charles escaped the kamikaze, and the fighting, which included hand-to-hand combat with bayonets, without a scratch. Rather than accept occupation duty in Japan, with bonuses and extra home leave, Charles and his most of his fellow Marines chose to wait out the many weeks of delays for discharge and to return home. With wild rumors of guerilla warfare in Japan, they had enough of the Japanese military.
- Charlotte Bethke (b. 1962). (See Charlotte Dixon) Enlisted, USN.
- Gregory Bethke (b. 1953). Cpl., US Army. "Greg" served in Germany, and later used his GI education funding to complete a Bachelor's degree in business at the University of Wisconsin-LaCrosse.
- Herman Bethke (1849-1938). Army Infantry, Kingdom of Prussia (Kaiser Wilhelm I), 1872-74. Family lore has it that Herman was able to save his entire pay and more by doing errands for other soldiers, writing letters for them, and by avoiding tobacco, excess alcohol, and gambling. When released, is treatment by aristocratic landownees His army boots were preserved for decades by Bethke family members until a poor choice in storage by the author led to destruction by rats in the 1980s.
- James Bethke (b. 1958). Pvt. USAF. "Jimmy" was among other duties assigned to provide security for large bombers based in the Rapid City, SD area.
- Larry Bethke (b. 1955). Cpl. US Army, including nuclear clearance. Larry served in the US Army in Europe, where his duties included a variety of assignments pertaining to what were then referred to as Field Grade Nuclear Weapons (now called Tactical Nukes). Larry noted that some of the FGs were about 1/4 the size of the bombs dropped on Japan in August of 1945.
- Rebekah Burton. Commander., USN. Rebekah has been a career officer with the Navy, long-affiliated with the Naval Hospital Corps School, Great Lakes, Illinois. She is the daughter of Paul and Lois (Schiotz) Eid; grand-daughter of Rev. Fred and Dagny (Aasen) Schiotz; great-grand-daughter of Rev. Anders O. and Marit (Xavier) Aasen; and the great-great grand-daughter of Nils Paul and Amanda (Norum) Xavier. Her USN rank was the highest attained active-duty officer status by a member of the Extended Xavier Family -[pre one note].
- Edwin Camrud. USA, World War I Era. [1a]
- Martin Camrud. USA, World War I Era. [1b]
- Richard Camrud. USA, World War I Era. [1c]
- Robert Clark. Major, USAF, career officer, 1950s-1960s. Later associated with NASA. Robert was married to Barbara Xavier, daughter of Johan U. and Signe (Skattebol) Xavier. Once Robert concluded active USAF service, he was affiliated as a civilian contractor for several years, including locations in Virginia and Florida. Some of his work involved advanced aeronautics, which accounted for the family acquaintances with numerous NASA officials and astronauts. [2]
- Dixon
- Dixon
- Dixon
- George Farrell. United States Army, World War II. Second husband of Violet Xavier, widow of Bjarne Xavier. George was particularly classy and generous in opening doors to the extended Xavier family after he and Violet married. George was therefore, the step-father to Barbara Xavier Lilledal.
- Farrell. Half-brother of Barbara Xavier Lilledal
- Julia Hippe, Army Nurse.USA, World War I Era.[3]
- Henning Larsen. Officer Candidate USA, 1918. Under the U.S. Government plan to train thousands of badly-needed officers, Henning was enrolled in a Student officer program, as he was in graduate school at the time. He did not see active duty, as the WWI ended before he finished requirement for commission. There seems to be no record of his continuing in the USAR. Henning later earned the degree of PhD from Princeton, and had a distinguished career as a professor and writer, including as Provost of the Graduate School at the University of Illinois (Champign-Urbana). Henning, as a son of Prof. Laur. and Ingeborg (Astrup) Larsen, was a brother-in-law of Karl Xavier, from Karl's first wife, Henrietta Randine Larsen. [4]
- Jakob A.O. Larsen (1881-1978). Military Attache, USA in US Legation (Embassy), Copenhagen, Denmark, 1917-1918. J.A.O Larsen was the brother-in-law of Karl Xavier, from Karl's first wife, Henrietta Randine Larsen[5]
- Jonathan Larson. National Guard; career non-commissioned officer. 1950s-1960s. [6]
- Rev Lauritz Larsen (1882-1923). Sec'y, National Lutheran Commission for Soldiers' and Sailors' Welfare; Sec'y and Pres. National Lutheran Council. Rev. Larsen, who basically worked himself to death, was prominent in the U.S. and abroad in efforts to ease the effects of war. He was a brother-in-law of Karl Xavier through Karl's first wife, Henrietta (Larsen) Xavier [7]
- Rev. L.T. Larson - Pastor of Immanuel Luth - Conducted funerals during WWII, notably 2nd Lt. Bjarne K. Xavier (1910-1944). L. T. Larson was a brother of Fridtjof Larson, husband of Anna (Xavier) Larson. [7]
- Mark A. Selid. USA in Viet Nam Era. [8]
- Mary Ellen Sokolik. Non-commissioned officer, USAR Band, Fort Snelling, MN, Post-Viet Nam Era. For some years in the late 1970s, Mary was in the renowned Ft. Snelling Army Reserve Band. It was through the band that she met her husband, The Rev. Dr. Joel V. Xavier, with an introduction her band-mate, Joel's brother, Sgt. Brian M. Xavier. Mary finished her enlistment obligation, and since then has pursued her musical interests outside of this USAR band. She has also attained professional credentials in public school music and accounting. She and Joel reside in the rural Albert Lea area. [9]
- Clemens Tretbar. Enlisted, Infantry and Cavalry, Union Army (AUS), Civil War. Clemens Tretbar enlisted twice in the Union Army. His first enlistment was for Co. K of the 29th New York Infantry, where he served from 1861-1863, when the Regiment was disbanded. In this, Clemens' first enlistment, the 29 New York participated in such important battles as (First) Bull Run (also known as First Manassas) in July of 1861, and also Chancellorsville in April-May of 1863. The 29th New York then was disbanded in late summer of 1863. Clemens then re-enlisted in 1864 in the 3rd Regiment New Jersey Cavalry, assigned to Co. C in early 1864. Here, too, Clemens' outfit saw heavy action. 3rd Reg. NJ Cav was involved with the Wilderness, May, 1864; Spotsylvania Court House, May, 1864; Cold Harbor, June, 1864; the siege at Petersburg; and finally, the grand prize of them all, Appomatox in April of 1865 for the surrender of Gen. Lee to the forces under Gen. Grant. Before disbanding in 1865, the 3rd Reg NJ Cav marched in the Grand Review in May in Washington, D.C. It is worth noting that by re-enlisting in 1864, Clemens probably received a bonus of several hundred dollars, depending on skills. A $500 Union Army enlistment bonus, or a bonus received as payment from a man wanting to buy a substitute for a way out of the draft (often $500) would have made Clemens well off, for the purchasing power of the dollar was about 100 to 1, so $500 was worth about $50,000 in 2012 money. An educated guess is that Clemens knew enough about horses to negotiate a bonus for enlisting in the Cavalry on top of other bonuses. He got out of the war, apparently in fine health, and came to Minnesota, in the late 1860s, and claimed a veteran's bonus in land near Morgan in Brown County on the south ridge of the Minnesota River Valley. This land had recently been taken (by treaty, deception, and military force) from the local Native Americans (known as Lower Mdewanketon Sioux), and was hotly contested in the Great US-Dakota War of 1862. Clemens was located not far from Franklin, Minnesota in Renville County, location of several Saami-American families, including that of N.P. and Amanda Xavier. He knew all of the Xavier in-laws (Bethke), was the first country school teacher for District 1 in Camp Township, just about two miles from the residence of N.P and Amanda Xavier. His son, Albert Tretbar, married Mathilde "Tillie" Bethke in 1920, thus marrying into a family that has had Xavier connections for four generations. N.P. Xavier baptized Katherine Bethke in the 1880s. Among modern connections, the wife of Rev. Karl Astrup Xavier (1912-1990) was Edith (Bethke) Xavier (1922-2010), a niece of Tillie (Bethke) Tretbar. Reuben Tretbar, a grandson of Clemens, has been for decades a close friend of Karl Astrup and Edith Bethke Xavier.[9]
- Bjarne K. Xavier (1910-1944). Minnesota NG, non-commissioned officer; 2nd Lt. USA (France), between wars and in the World War II Era. Died of Wounds in France, and is buried in St. Avold, near Metz. between wars and in the World War II Era. He was the only direct descendent of Nils Paul and Amanda Xavier to become a wartime casualty. He is believed by this author to be the highest-ranking Saami American officer in US uniform to be a wartime casualty.[10]
- Brian M. Xavier. USN, petty officer, Viet Nam Era; USAR Band Post-Viet Nam era, career non-commissioned officer. Brian enlisted in the USN after two years of higher education at Luther College in Decorah, Iowa. He served on the USS Catamount, a supply ship originally commissioned late in WWII as a Landing Ship Tank (LST) for potential land invasion of mainland Japan. (The ship and crew were present in Tokyo Bay for the signing of the Japanese surrender in 1945). Brian was heavily engaged in operating and maintaining the electronic and communication equipment of Catamount. During the Viet Nam Era, Catamount made a supply run to Viet Nam, during which Brian had to overhaul the communication system. Later, following discharge, he pursued the expertise acquired in the Navy, earning an electrical engineering degree at the University of Minnesota. While employed in computer engineering for decades, Brian maintained interest in the USAR Ft. Snelling Band. He attained rank of Sargent and was for many years responsible for the sound equipment, in addition to being called on to perform yeoman service on the flute. The USAR Ft. Snelling Band has been a long-recognized leader in concert performance, has been a Presidental citation outfit, and was called on to provide music in 1994 for the 50th Anniversary of the D-Day Invasion in France. This last assignement was one Brian considered to be both professionally and personally one of his great life experiences. Brian retired from both the USAR and civilian work, subsequent to a stroke. He and wife MaryEsther (Carlson) Xavier live in Kasson, Minnesota. [11]
- Gothard Waldemar Xavier (1889-19??). USA, non-commissioned officer, WWI; survived torpedoing of Tuscania, 1918. [12]
- Johan U. Xavier. Carpenter-contractor for construction of Ft. Lewis, Washington, World War I Era. Johan, in addition to being a highly educated man, had developed advanced carpentry skills long before WWI. He had built homes for himself in the Seattle area, as well as for his retired parents, Nils Paul and Amanda (Norem) Xavier. He also built other structures, including small animal barns. He had left Pacific Lutheran College (Academy) before WWI broke out, and so was available for the long-hours and highly paid positions which the US Army was desperate to fill. Johan was, however, injured in a fall, and so did not finish the war in Ft. Lewis, but rather in the wholesale grocer trades. [13]
- (Olof) Paul Xavier. USN, career petty officer, 1940s to 1950s. Paul, named for his maternal grandrather, Rev. Olof Skattebol, but who did not go by Olof, was the son of Johan U. and Signe (Skattebol) Xavier. He spent 20 years in the USN, including as a petty officer, retired, and then later returned to Seattle area where he worked at various jobs, including maintenance and janitorial positions. [14]
- Paul Neuberg Xavier. Aeronautical engineer, Grumman Aircraft, World War II Era. According to family tradition, Paul developed several methods of analyzing and correcting the effects of air friction on the wings of aircraft. This work also had an impact on the design of wing guns able to fire accurately in spite of heat from air friction.[15]
- Peter Laurentius Xavier. (1901-1981) MN NG, non-commissioned officer; USA, career non-commissioned officer, served prior to, during, and after WWII. Prior to the declaration of war, "Pete" was a small arms instructor at West Point, NCO rank of Sargent. He was by 1940, after the Allied debacle of Dunkirk, secretly posted to Great Britain for weapons training of British and British Commonwealth soldiers. Later, he was attached to OSS, where he carried out underground missions in France and Belgium, before he was attached to Gen. Patton's Third Army. Following WWII, Pete continued in service and was officially retired as a Corporal. According to one school of thought, he went over to the wild side of right-wing and racist politics, including the white-supremacist (and designated public threat) National State's Rights Party. However, according to a second school of thought, evidence points to an on-going role as an informant of the U.S. Government, an informant against the right-wing and racist organizations where he was affiliated. This second school of thought cites the fact that Pete's name either does not appear or has been blacked out of Freedom of Information documents from the FBI. Such factors usually indicated a government operative whose identity the FBI (Army Intelligence?) wished to keep classified. [15]
- Valdemar Ulrik Xavier (1914-200?). Minnesota NG, non-commissioned officer; 2nd Lt., Lt., Capt. USA in WWII Era; career officer, as Major and Lt. Col., USAR. Valdemar is believed by this author to have been the highest ranking Saami American officer in the USAR. Valdemar spent the bulk of World War II in Texas, as a training and equipment officer for anti-tank warfare. Slated for duty in the planned invasion of Japan in 1945, he was then shifted to occupation duty for about a year. He witnessed in person the atomic bomb sites in Japan. Later, discharged to civilian life, Valdemar completed his Bachelors degree in Natural Sciences and Mathematics at Augsburg College, Minneapolis. He later, again thanks to GI Bill features, completed a Masters in Public School Administration, and served in education until retirement in 1976. He remained active in the USAR, and moved up in rank to Major and Lt. Colonel, due to extra study and a renowned devotion to the soldiers under his command.The commands for Lt. Colonel rank were usually in the batallion level, or about 500 soldiers. [16]
[pre-one] "Caught Reading Metro Lutheran here, there and everywhere," Metro Lutheran, August, 2011, p. 19.
[1a], [1b], [1c] Narvestad, Valdres Samband, p.354. This work includes a reprint of the World War I roster of the Valdres bygdelag compilation of those from Valdres background. In this case of this chapter, the roster includes the three "Camruds with a 'c' group" of the Kamrud or Kammerud family, and also Julia Hippe (see below).
The Kammerud family was the family of Rev. Karl Xavier's second wife, Bina (Kammerud) Xavier. The Karmmeruds, led by Ivar and Marit (Hippe) Kammerud, settled in central-western Minnesota, near Starbuck and Alexandria areas in Pope and Douglas Counties. The Kammerud family included links of various sorts to such families as the "C" Camruds, the Rottos, and the Hippes.
[2] Johan U. Xavier, "List of Nils Paul Xavier's Descendants," [Mimeographed and Hand-Annotated], (Seattle, WA, No Pub., c 1961), p.2; Pacific Lutheran University, The Diaries of J.U. Xavier (Seattle:PLU, 2004), p. 5 (Ref. to Items in Box 3); Barbara (Xavier) Clark to Edith (Bethke) Xavier, 1998. Original in possession of John E. Xavier.
[3] Valdres Samband, p.360. This work includes a reprint of the World War I roster of the Valdres bygdelag compilation of those from Valdres background. In this case of this chapter, the roster includes Julia Hippe.
The Kammerud family was the family of Rev. Karl Xavier's second wife, Bina (Kammerud) Xavier. The Karmmeruds, led by Ivar and Marit (Hippe) Kammerud, settled in central-western Minnesota, near Starbuck and Alexandria areas in Pope and Douglas Counties. The Kammerud family included links of various sorts to such families as the "C" Camruds, the Rottos, and the Hippes.
Army hospitals and other facilities were often a joint venture with the Red Cross. For an excellent essay on World War I Army and other nursing, see Nancy O'Brien Wagner, "Awfully Busy These Days: Red Cross Women in France during World War I," Minnesota History Vol. 63, No. 1 (Spring, 2102), 24-35.
[7] Olaf Morgan Norlie, School Calendar 1824-1924: A Who's Who Among teachers in the Norwegian Lutheran Synods of America (Minneapolis:Augsburg Publishing House, 1924), p.404. See also, Lauritz Larsen, Annual reports of the National Lutheran Council.
[9] Civil Wars Soldiers & Sailors System, http://www.itd.nps.gov.cwss/ ; site visited over several years, and verified April 5, 2012. Conversations with Edith (Bethke) Xavier and Reuben Tretbar, grandson of Clemens, notes in possession of author. Also, Ruby Deming, History of Franklin, Minnesota (Fairfax, MN: 1995).
[12] For details on the 20th Engineers and the torpedoing of the Tuscania, see http://freepages.history.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~carmita/archive.htm
[15] Peter L. Xavier, Rise America! (Boston: Meador Press, 1950). FBI, Report on National States Rights Party, 1976. (Freedom of Information Act document, heavily redacted).
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